Correct answers are highlighted in RED
Exam3.1
includes Questions 1-40
1)
The subject of this course is (please answer as it will be
graded):
A.
Environmental Science
B. Soils and
Land Use
C. Soil and
Plant Analysis
D. Soil
Chemistry and
Fertility
2)
(Discussion list) Seattle has proposed and passed a _____ tax on
plastic
grocery bags.
A. 5 cent
B. 10 cent
C. 15 cent
D. 20
cent
3)
(Discussion list) The beaches of what U.S. state are
disappearing at a
rapid rate?
A.
Hawaii
B. Montana
C. Alaska
D. British
Columbia
4)
(Please answer honestly. Any answer will be given full credit.)
Having
two questions on the exam from the Discussion list encouraged me to
read the
discussion list when I wouldn't have otherwise. I believe I learned
more about
Environmental Science because of this.
A. Yes, it
helped me learn
more Environmental Science, and it should be kept
B. No, I don't
think this
requirement helped and it should be dropped.
5)
In the broadest sense, the core of modern science is _________.
A. a descriptive
process
with little predictive value
B. anecdotal at
best
C. the
ongoing process of
formulating and testing hypotheses
D. the
development of new
technology
6)
Any major proposed federal action likely to have significant
impacts on
the human environment requires the completion of a(n) ____________.
A. Social
Effects Analysis
B.
Environmental Impact
Statement
C. Biological
Opinion
Statement
D. Cost-Benefit
Analysis
7)
Most major environmental organizations maintain offices in
California so
that they can monitor environmental policies and lobby legislators more
effectively.
A. True
B. False
C.
D.
8)
The BLM is a federal agency managing natural resources in the
Department
of the Interior. BLM stands for _________.
A.
Bureau of Land
Management
B. Bureau of
Livestock and
Mining
C. Bureau of
Lumber and
Mining
D. Bureau of
Lousy
Management
9)
Contacting legislators can be an effective way to influence
government policies.
A. True
B. False
10)
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has been used to
support
national and local environmental laws.
A. True
B. False
11)
What ecological service is estimated to have the highest annual
value,
at 17.1 trillion $ U.S.
A. Soil
B. Water
regulation and
supply
C. Pollination
D. Wildlife
Habitat
12)
Development always causes environmental degradation.
A. True
B. False
C.
D.
13)
When cities have expanded and merged with other neighboring
cities,
these giant urban complexes are called _________.
A. Metropolitan
Areas
B.
Neo-Babylonian
Communities
C.
Megalopolises
D. Inner Cities
14)
An effective way to create a sense of identity and community in
urban
areas is to ______.
A. make
community meetings
mandatory
B. enforce civil
ordinances
diligently
C.
emphasize local
history, culture, and environment
D. enact laws to
implement
sustainable planning regardless of citizen desires
15)
All of the following are attributes of sustainable urban
planning EXCEPT
_______.
A. cluster
housing or open
space zoning
B. locate
shopping and
services close to people so less automobile use needed
C.
expanded lanes on
highways
D. maintain
greenbelts
16)
Which of the following is NOT an example of Ecological Services?
A. Nutrient
cycling.
B. Maintenance
of biological
diversity.
C. Outdoor
recreational
opportunities.
D.
Creating pollution.
17)
A major criticism of Gross National Product as an economic
measure is
that it _______.
A. accounts for
ecosystem
damage
B. accounts for
population
health
C. does
not
account for
ecological impacts
D.
accounts for natural
resource depletion
18)
___________ is considered to be the most preferable way to
shrink the
waste stream.
A. Life-cycling
B.
Reusing
C. Restoring
D. Composting
19)
In developing countries, thousands of people live and work in
_________
located in megacities even though the health conditions are abysmal.
A. recycling
facilities
B. sewage
treatment
C. open
dumps
D. land abutting
rivers
20)
In the U.S., some farmers produce all the fuel they need to run
their
farms by generating _____ anaerobically from ________.
A. carbon
dioxide; straw
wastes
B.
methane; animal manure
C. phosphorus;
crop wastes
D. propane;
straw wastes
21)
________ has the most successful recycling program in the world
where
____ of the household and industrial wastes are recycled.
A. China;
three-fourths
B. South
America;
three-fourths
C. United
States; half
D.
Japan; half
22)
__________ operate mostly as unregulated areas where anyone can
dispose
of waste by simply dropping it off.
A. Sanitary
landfills
B. Composting
facilities
C. Open
dumps
D. Waste
repositories
23)
__________ include all forms of wastes that result from
residential,
mining, agricultural, commercial, and industrial activities whereas a
special
category of wastes called __________ are discarded materials known to
be
harmful to human or other life forms.
A. Trash;
municipal wastes
B. Hazardous and
toxic
wastes; solid wastes
C. Rubbish;
polluting wastes
D.
Solid wastes; hazardous
and toxic wastes
24)
Which of the following is a reason for public concern related to
garbage
incinerators?
A. Initial
construction
costs too low so too many being built.
B. Communities
want to
recycle more.
C. High
levels of dioxins
released into the atmosphere.
D. Wastes should
be exported
and not processed locally.
25)
Sites that qualify for the National Priority List, with
financing from
the federal Superfund program for clean up, are considered to be
especially
hazardous to human health and environmental quality because they are
leaking or
have the potential to leak ___________.
A. detergents
B. nitrates
C. mutagenic
materials
D. All
of the above
26)
At present rates of consumption, proven-in-place coal reserves
are
predicted to last ______.
A. 20 years
B. 200
years
C. 500 years
D. Indefinitely
27)
Radioactive uranium atoms are unstable. When these atoms are
struck by a
high-energy subatomic particle called a neutron, they undergo
__________ which
releases energy and more neutrons.
A. fossil fuel
combustion
B. nuclear fusion
C.
nuclear fission
D. passive heat
absorption
28)
__________ taps high-pressure, high temperature steam fields
below the
earthÕs surface to create usable energy for human needs.
A.
Geothermal power
B. Hydroelectric
power
C. Tidal power
D. Geologic power
29)
In 2003, the United Kingdom and Sweden embarked on an ambitious
program
to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Of the new energy sources, ____ is
likely
to be the greatest contributor to achieving these goals.
A.
offshore wind power
B. cogeneration
(combined
production of heat and electricity)
C. nuclear power
D. bioenergy
30)
Many geologists expect that within a decade or so world ______
production will peak and then begin to decline.
A. coal
B. oil
C. natural gas
D. biomass
31)
One of the best ways to avoid current energy shortages and to
relieve
the environmental and health effects of our current energy technologies
is to
______.
A. build solar
farms
B. use
less energy and use
it more efficiently
C. extract more
resources
from proven-in-place reserves
D. enforce
environmental
laws already in place
32)
Active solar heat systems use __________ to collect and
transform solar
energy into a usable form for human activities.
A.
moving substances such
as heat-absorbing fluid medium
B. masonry
C. photovoltaic
cells
D. parabolic
mirrors
33)
Many problems were presented in the Coal-Bed Methane case in the
book.
Which of the following is a problem resulting from methane extraction
from a
typical coal-bed?
A. Not enough
water is
available on a daily basis to extract methane.
B. Too
much effluent is
released that is contaminated with salt and other minerals.
C. Wells on
ranches contain
too much water.
D. Aquifers are
replenished
with water.
34)
The immense mass of solid and semisolid metal in the
earthÕs inner and
outer core layers generates ________.
A. the oceanic
tides
B. a thicker
oceanic crust
C. a
magnetic field that
envelops the earth
D. volcanoes
35)
The upper layer of the mantle has convection currents that break
the
crust into a mosaic of huge blocks called ______ that slide across the
earthÕs
surface like immense icebergs.
A. floating cups
B. sinking spoons
C. Richter trays
D.
tectonic plates
36)
Sandstone belongs to the _____________ classification of rocks.
A. igneous
B. metamorphic
C.
sedimentary
D. mixed
37)
Most economically valuable minerals exist everywhere in high
amounts so
it is easy and economical to mine for these resources.
A. True
B. False
C.
D.
38)
______ are caused by the grinding and jerking of tectonic plates
as they
slide past one another.
A. Tsunamis
B. Subjunction
zones
C. Ocean
building processes
D.
Earthquakes
39)
Human populations living near Mt. Rainier, WA are at risk from
________.
A. pyroclastic
flows from
nearby volcanoes such as Mount St. Helens and Mt. Adams
B.
future mudflows from
Mount Rainier
C. a deposit
from a tsunami
in the Puget Sound
D. limestone
poisoning from
tainted groundwater
40)
The 1977 federal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
(SMCRA)
requires better restoration of strip-mined lands. Since the passing of
the
SMCRA, the record for strip-mine reclamation has ________.
A. grown much
worse because
the SMCRA was repealed in 1990
B.
improved substantially
C. not changed
at all
because it is ignored by the mining industry and federal agencies have
no
jurisdiction over the private sector
D. grown worse
because of
the scarcity of minerals
Begin Optional
Exam2makeup, questions
41-80
41)
Much of the western United States has ________ fresh water to
meet all
the demands placed on this resource.
A.
insufficient
B. sufficient
C. surplus
D. excess
42)
Which of the following is NOT an essential role that water has
on earth?
A. As
long as you have
food, you donÕt need water.
B. Regulates
body
temperatures of organisms
C. Removes waste
products
from living organisms
D. It is the
medium in which
all living processes occur
43)
Most of the worldÕs rainiest regions are found in the
_______ biome or
coastal _______.
A. Tundra;
wetlands
B. Boreal;
mountains
C. Temperate;
wetlands
D.
Tropical; mountains
44)
Most of the earths fresh water is in liquid form and readily
available
for human consumption.
A. True
B. False
C.
D.
45)
Which of the following methods is the cheapest and most
effective way to
reduce pollution?
A. Use toxin
consuming
microbes
B.
Avoiding its production
and release in the first place
C. Recycling and
reclamation
efforts
D. Chemical and
metal
extraction
46)
A cost effective method of alternative wastewater treatment
implemented
in some developing and under developed countries is the creation of
__________
or __________ to assimilate wastes.
A. riparian
buffer zones;
natural processes
B. wetlands;
tertiary
treatment
C. waste
diversion systems;
secondary treatment
D.
natural; artificial
wetlands
47)
As a result of the 1972 Clean Water Act, states are required to
identify
waters not meeting water quality goals and to develop __________ (TMDL)
for
each pollutant and each listed water body.
A.
total maximum daily
loads
B. total minimum
daily loads
C. trade mission
data levels
D. total
muskellunge daily
limits
48)
Over the past century, water use has increased about _________
as fast
as population growth.
A. half
B. twice
C. ten times
D. one hundred
times
49)
In attempting to control greenhouse gas emissions, both _____
and ______
are being pursued as alternatives to fossil fuels.
A.
nuclear power;
renewable energy sources
B. coal; natural
gas
C. nuclear
power; coal
D. nuclear
power; natural
gas
50)
Air quality in the U.S. has improved dramatically in the past
decade for
major large-volume pollutants. However, emissions of ________ have NOT
decreased.
A.
nitrogen oxides and
particulates
B. volatile
organic
compounds
C. sulfur dioxide
D. lead
51)
Methane, one of the greenhouse gases, is released by ______.
A.
landfills
B. humans
C. birds
D. deforestation
52)
Air pollution affects not only human health, but also
ecosystems. Which
of the following is seen as a potential effect of air pollution
emissions on
ecosystems?
A. Increased
production of
agricultural crops.
B. No impact on
ecosystems.
C. Increasing
the growth of
high elevation forests.
D. Acid
deposition, making
streams and soils intolerable for some species.
53)
In the US, human-induced acid rain is most serious in ________.
A. Alaska
B.
Northeast states
C. low elevation
forests
D. northern
California
54)
Methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, but
it is
present in smaller atmospheric concentrations than carbon dioxide.
A. True
B. False
C.
D.
55)
Which of the following is a widely implemented measure aimed at
reducing
pollution from auto emissions?
A.
Using catalytic
converters in car engines.
B. Increase the
use of
gasoline in cars.
C. Include
industrial air
filter on cars.
D. Install
longer tail pipes
on cars.
56)
Which is an effective approach to control air pollution?
A. Use high
sulfur coal.
B. Increase
electricity
consumption.
C. Add
air filters that
take particulate matter out of emissions.
D. Control pest
outbreaks.
57)
The increasing prevalence or reporting of toxic substances in
our
environment is most likely due to ___________?
A. the fact that
we have
never looked for them before
B. the
realization that any
amount of dangerous material is unacceptable to society
C. the
disappearance of
"full service" gas stations
D. our
more sensitive
measuring techniques that allow trace amounts to be measured
58)
Alcohol is the world's most prevalent __________, which causes
abnormalities during embryonic growth and development.
A. antigen
B.
teratogen
C. mutagen
D. neurotoxin
59)
Carcinogens, or cancer-causing substances, can cause __________.
A. fetal alcohol
syndrome
B. allergic
reactions
C.
malignant tumors from
out-of-control cell growth
D. nerve cells
to die
60)
Two-thirds of all current AIDS infections are in __________ but
the
disease is rapidly spreading in South and East Asia.
A.
sub-Saharan Africa
B. inner cities
C. China
D. Latin America
61)
__________, or substances that activate the immune system, can
act
directly as __________ which serve to stimulate the production of
specific
antibodies.
A. Mutagens;
allergens
B. Allergens;
cancer
C. Toxins;
hazards
D.
Allergens; antigens
62)
_________ are much more vulnerable than ______ to environmental
toxins.
A. Old people;
children
B.
Children; adults
C. Animals;
people
D. Mammals; fish
63)
SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) is an ______ disease
that has
not previously been known or that has been absent for at least 20
years.
A. immigrant
B. invasive
C.
emergent
D. exotic
64)
Which of the following is one of the National Health
recommendations of
the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services for a healthy diet?
A. Limit your
physical
activity.
B. Choose a diet
high in
fat, saturated fat and cholesterol.
C. Eat a low
variety of
foods.
D.
Intake a moderate
amount of salt
65)
The U.S. Department of Agriculture has identified 20,000 types
of soil
in the United States alone. Different soil types are NOT produced
because of
the influence of __________ on soil formation.
A. different
parent
materials
B. climate
C. topography
D.
disease organisms
66)
Chronic __________ causes goiters (a swollen thyroid
gland), stunted growth and reduced mental abilities.
A. protein
B. depression
C.
iodine deficiency
D. starch
deficiency
67)
In the United States, most of our foods require less energy to
produce,
process and get them to markets than they yield when we eat them.
A. True
B. False
68)
Poor farmers around the world get better yields from growing
_______
varieties on their lands.
A.
traditional
B. genetically
modified
C. exotic
D. invasive
69)
The United States has a policy of over-producing food. One of
the
biggest negative effects of this policy is that _______________.
A. most of the
excess food
feeds only rich people
B. it
does not eliminate
the root causes of starvation
C. it drives up
domestic
food prices
D. the cost of
production
translates into higher taxes
70)
At least _________ of all fresh water withdrawn from rivers,
lakes, and
groundwater supplies is used for agricultural irrigation.
A. One-quarter
B. One third
C. half
D.
two-thirds
71)
As a whole, the food system in the United States consumes about
16% of
the total energy we use.
A. True
B. False
72)
In North America, less land is being cultivated now than 100
years ago.
A. True
B. False
73)
In the United States, fire control resulted in every blaze on
public
land to be put out. This policy has _______________.
A. decreased the
fire risk
of these forests
B. allowed
forest
communities to regenerate
C. decreased the
amount of
woody debris that accumulates
D.
increased the amount of
wood debris in these forests
74)
The U.S. Forest Service has begun to shift its policies to focus
on
__________, which attempts to integrate sustainable ecological,
economic, and
social goals.
A. maximum
timber production
B. "cut out and
get
out"
C. forest
preservation
D.
ecosystem management
75)
Good forest management requires __________ which maintains
habitat for
many forest species.
A. cutting all
young trees
B. removing all
logging
residues
C. removing all
dead trees
D.
keeping dead trees
76)
Approximately half of the people in the world depend on _______
as their
principal source of heating and cooking fuel.
A. coal
B.
firewood or charcoal
C. oil
D. natural gas
77)
The largest tracts of forest land in the world are found in
______ and
in the _______ biome.
A. Asia; boreal
B. Central
America; tropical
C. North
America; deciduous
D.
Russia; boreal
78)
If you were creating a new national park, and you wanted to
preserve all
of the park's ecological values, what would be the ideal basis for
developing a
resource management strategy?
A. political
boundaries
B. the
natural
biogeographical area
C. private
landholding
interests
D. commercial
development on
the park borders
79)
If fire is suppressed in forests, the density of trees in the
forests
will ________.
A.
increase
B. decrease
C. not change
D. change in an
unpredictable manner
80)
The clearing and burning of forests releases a great deal of
__________
into the atmosphere which contributes significantly to global climate
change.
A. ozone
B. nitrogen
C. hydrogen
D.
carbon
Begin Optional
Exam1makeup, Questions
81-120
81)
Most of a deep lakeÕs photosynthetic activity is in the
________.
A. Benthos
B. Thermocline
C.
Epilimnion
D. Hypolimnion
82)
About 70 percent of all known species are _______.
A.
Invertebrates
B. Amphibians
C. Birds
D. Bacteria
83)
Freshwater ecosystems vary widely because they are greatly
influenced by
the immediately surrounding terrestrial ecosystems.
A. True
B. False
84)
Which of the following statements is false?
A. Exotic
species threaten
biodiversity because they can turn into superagressive
ÒweedyÓ invaders.
B. Some animal
populations
have been greatly reduced or deliberately exterminated because they
compete
with our use of resources.
C.
Genetic assimilation
significantly decreases a speciesÕ risk of extinction.
D. The American
chestnut,
once the major tree species of the east coast, was nearly wiped out by
a fungal
blight that was accidentally brought in from China.
85)
Conifer trees are more efficient in carrying out photosynthesis
during
the summer months than deciduous trees are.
A. True
B. False
86)
Which of the following is not a threat to a speciesÕ
genetic diversity?
A. Founder effect
B. Genetic drift
C. Demographic
bottleneck
D.
Continental drift
87)
_______ are broad environmental types with similar climatic,
topographic, and soil conditions and roughly comparable biological
communities.
A. Ecosystems
B. Ecotones
C. Habitats
D.
Biomes
88)
_______ value is the value of simply knowing that a particular
species
has not been destroyed.
A. Inherent
B. Contingent
C. Innate
D.
Existence
89)
In some countries, populations are growing so rapidly that human
demands
exceed the sustainable yield of local forests, grasslands, croplands,
and water
resources. These countries are said to be caught in a _______ trap.
A.
Demographic
B. Growth
C. Dependency
D. Prosperity
90)
Human populations began to grow rapidly after _______, partly
due to
increased communication among nations, agricultural developments, and
better
health care and hygiene.
A. 5000 B.C.
B. A.D. 1000
C. A.D.
1600
D. A.D. 1850
91)
If immigration were stopped, the United States and Canada would
have
nearly stable populations.
A. True
B. False
92)
Family planning allows couples to _______.
A. Control their
reproductive lives.
B. Have fewer
children.
C. Have more
children.
D. All
of the above.
93)
Often, the best way to improve child survival is to ensure the
rights of
women.
A. True
B. False
94)
_______ has a negative population growth rate.
A. China
B. Nigeria
C. Japan
D. Ethiopia
95)
_______ is the physical ability to reproduce, while _______
describes
the actual production of offspring.
A. Fertility,
fecundity
B.
Fecundity, fertility
C. Fertility,
pregnancy
D. Pregnancy,
fertility
96)
Which of the following is not a rapidly growing country?
A. Kenya
B. Libya
C. Jordan
D.
Hungary
97)
A communityÕs _______ is the rate of biomass
accumulation, or the
conversion of solar energy into chemical energy stored in living (or
once-living) organisms.
A. Fundamental
productivity
B.
Primary productivity
C. Biotic
transformation
rate
D. Successional
rate
98)
_______ is a symbiotic relationship in which one species
benefits and
the other species is neither benefited nor harmed.
A.
Commensalism
B. Mutualism
C. Parasitism
D. Endemism
99)
Young grizzly bears are forced to leave their parentsÕ
territory as soon
as they are independent. This is an example of how organisms cope with
_______
competition.
A. Mutualistic
B.
Intraspecific
C. Antagonistic
D. Interspecific
100) Competition
among members of the same species is called
_______ competition.
A. Mutualistic
B.
Intraspecific
C. Antagonistic
D. Interspecific
101) Cattle
egrets catch insects kicked up by grazing cows. These
birds benefit from their relationship with the cows, who are apparently
indifferent to the presence of the egrets. This is an example of a
_______
relationship.
A. Mutualistic
B.
Commensal
C. Intraspecific
D. Parasitic
102) _______
is a symbiotic relationship in which both members of
the partnership benefit.
A.
Interdependence
B. Endemism
C.
Mutualism
D. Commensalism
103) Which
of the following is not a predator?
A. Lion
B. Carnivore
C. Omnivore
D.
Detritovore
104) Diverse
communities always exhibit a high degree of
ecological complexity.
A. True
B. False
105) Acids
are formed when hydrogen ions (H+):
A. Combine with
amino acids
B. Dissolve into a solution, increasing the H+
concentration
C.
Combine with other substances, reducing the H+
concentration
D.
Disassociate from oxygen
106) A(n)
__________ includes the biological community and its
immediate physical environment.
A.
Ecosystem
B.
Population
C.
Food web
D.
Closed system
107) __________is
the byproduct of the photosynthetic process and
becomes part of organic molecules.
A. Protein
B. Glucose
C.
Oxygen
D.
Water
108) The
membranous organelle where photosynthesis happens is
called a __________.
A. Chlorophyll
B. Chloroplast
C.
Nucleus
D.
Cell wall
109) With
a trophic pyramid, energy __________ by a factor of
__________ as it moves up levels.
A. Increases; 10
B.
Increases; 100
C. Decreases; 10
D.
Decreases; 100
110) Protozoa
and bacteria are examples of:
A.
Photosynthetic organisms
B.
Fungi
C.
Living molecules
D. Single-celled organisms
111) Photosynthesis
is the conversion of energy from the sun
into:
A. Heat
B.
Proteins
C.
Physical energy
D. Chemical energy
112) __________
is defined as the biomass produced in a given
area and time.
A.
Photosynthesis
B.
A trophic level
C. Productivity
D.
Energy exchange
113) Which
of the following is the best definition of sustainable
development?
A. Development
that meets
the needs of the present.
B. Development
that meets
the needs of the present while preserving endangered ecosystems.
C. Development
that ensures
that present consumption rates can be sustained in the long term.
D.
Development that meets
the needs of the present while preserving the ability of future
generations to
meet their own needs.
114) Satellite
images and surface temperature data show that
polar regions, especially in Eurasia, are becoming green earlier in the
year
and staying green longer than ever in recorded history. This could be
viewed as
evidence of:
A.
significant climate
change possibly as a result of human activities such as fossil fuel
combustion
B. ozone
depletion in the
stratosphere
C. a slight
decrease in the
distance from the earth to the sun
D. increased
accumulation in
the atmosphere of greenhouse gases such as nitrogen and oxygen gas.
115) Environmental
scientists strive to be _________ in learning
how humans affect our surroundings
and how we are affected by our surroundings.
A. Dogmatic
B. Subjective
C. Omnicient
D.
Objective
116) Which
of the following is a renewable resource?
A.
biomass
B. oil
C. natural gas
D. coal
117) If
you flip a coin 3 times, what is the probability that you
will get 3 heads in a row?
A. 1/2
B. 1/3
C. 1/4
D. 1/8
118) Which
of the following best describes the scientific method?
A. Collect data,
formulate
and test hypothesis, interpret data, draw conclusions
B. Make
observations,
formulate hypothesis, collect and interpret data, draw conclusions
C. Formulate and
test
hypothesis, make observations, collect and interpret data, draw
conclusions
D. Make
observations,
collect and interpret data, formulate hypothesis, draw conclusions
119) If
you say that a particular activity is immoral, you are
making a(n) _______ statement.
A.
Value
B. Impersonal
C. Objective
D. Factual
120) ___________
thinking is sometimes referred to as Òthinking
about thinking.Ó It involves
examining theories, facts, and options in a systematic, purposeful, and
responsible manner.
A. Logical
B. Analytical
C.
Critical
D. Reflective